Immunization prevents 2.5 million child deaths every year

Vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases is essential to reaching the Millennium Development Goal 4 on reducing under-five mortality by two thirds by 2015, according to World Health Organisation. Immunization is also a key strategy to ensure global health security and for responding to the threat of emerging infections such as pandemic influenza.

For the first time in documented history, the number of children dying every year has fallen below ten million — partly the result of improved access to immunization, integrated delivery of essential health interventions, as well as clean water and sanitation.

Immunization prevents an estimated 2.5 million child deaths every year in all age groups from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), and measles. It is one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions.

More children than ever are being reached with immunization. In 2008, an estimated 106 million children under the age of one were vaccinated with three doses of diphtheria―tetanus―pertussis (DTP3) vaccine. These children are protected against infectious diseases that can have serious consequences like illness, disability or death.

Despite the progress, an estimated 24 million children under the age of one did not receive the DTP3 vaccine doses in 2008. About three quarters of these children live in ten countries: Chad, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda.

An estimated 1.3 million infants and young children die every year from pneumococcal disease and rotavirus diarrhoea. A large number of these deaths can be prevented through vaccination.

A large number of vaccine products are currently in the pipeline and are expected to become available by 2012. More than 80 candidate vaccines are in the late stages of clinical testing. About 30 of these candidate vaccines aim to protect against major diseases for which no licensed vaccines exist, such as dengue and malaria.

The Meningitis Vaccine Project is working on a new meningococcal vaccine. Meningitis A epidemics severely affect certain sub―Saharan countries. A first―generation malaria vaccine has also demonstrated some level of efficacy in young children and may be available by 2015.

Vaccination has led to the elimination of measles in the WHO Region of the Americas. Global measles mortality has decreased by 74% from 750 000 deaths in 2000 to 197 000 deaths in 2007, thanks to intensified vaccination campaigns.

Polio has been eradicated in three of WHO’s six regions and is today endemic in only four countries ― Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan ― down from 125 countries in 1988. Annual deaths from neonatal tetanus have fallen to an estimated 128 000, down from 790 000 deaths in 1988.

Immunization not only protects children from vaccine―preventable diseases. It also serves as a means to deliver other life―saving measures, such as vitamin A supplements to prevent malnutrition, insecticide―treated nets for protection against malaria and deworming medicine for intestinal worms.

Adults With Depression Still Struggle Due to Lack of Information

A new survey of 2,001 adults living with depression revealed that despite being diagnosed for an average of 12 years, many unknowingly took actions that could have sabotaged their chances of getting well. Furthermore, on average, it took about six years for respondents to seek diagnosis from a health care professional, suggesting these adults may have been coping with depression for as long as 18 years.

Nearly three in five (57 percent) of those who delayed seeking a diagnosis felt they could manage their own depression symptoms. Among respondents who had taken antidepressants for depression, nearly half (47 percent) did not discuss when it might be necessary to change medications with their doctor, despite the fact that they were still experiencing depressive symptoms. Among those who have stopped taking antidepressants, about two in five (41 percent) did so without telling their doctor. More than 70 percent noted that talk therapy should always be part of a depression treatment plan, yet only 22 percent were currently enrolled in talk therapy.
"The survey strongly suggests that many people living with depression are unaware or are 'missing pieces' of vital information that may be preventing them from getting well," said Dr. Susan Kornstein, professor of psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology at Virginia Commonwealth University. "Depression needs to be treated by a health care professional. To increase the likelihood of recovery from depression, it's important that people with depression have a comprehensive treatment plan that may include medications, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes. The goal is to help them to recovery." Depression, which includes a variety of symptoms, is a highly treatable illness, but it can become more difficult to treat the longer it goes undiagnosed or undertreated.

The survey showed that among those who waited six months or more to be diagnosed, 69 percent reported they delayed diagnosis because they lacked knowledge about depression or lacked basic facts about available depression treatments and where to go for help. Additionally, among those who wanted more information about depression treatment at the time of diagnosis, 64 percent said they wanted to know what it means to "get well.". Surprisingly, 91 percent have been prescribed an antidepressant for depression, but among them, just seven percent felt very knowledgeable about all basic aspects of the treatment.

Pfizer’s Oral JAK Inhibitor Demonstrates Response In Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis

Final Phase 2 Analyses Presented at the American College of Rheumatology/ Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ACR/ARHP) Annual Scientific Meeting

Pfizer Inc announced that 24-week data from two clinical studies of the oral JAK inhibitor, CP-690,550, confirmed statistically significant ACR20 response and DAS28 remission rates for several doses versus placebo when given alone or in combination with methotrexate for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The findings, which were presented at the 2009 ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meeting in Philadelphia, represent the final analyses from two Phase 2 trials evaluating the effect of CP-690,550 over 24 weeks.

“These data suggest that CP-690,550 could represent a promising advance for patients with rheumatoid arthritis,” said Michael Berelowitz, MD, senior vice president Clinical Development and Medical Affairs for Pfizer Specialty Care. “Our Phase 3 program is currently underway with enrollment progressing as planned, and we are hopeful that data from these trials will validate the Phase 2 results.”

Efficacy as Monotherapy at 24 weeks

Data presented from a six-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2B study (Study A3921035), which evaluated 384 patients with active RA who had not responded to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), showed that patients treated with 5, 10 and 15 mg twice-daily doses of CP-690,550 dosed without background methotrexate experienced statistically significant ACR response rates and DAS28 remission rates at week 24 as compared to placebo. These results were consistent with the previously reported primary analysis of ACR response at week 12.

24-Week efficacy results are as follows:
	Treatment		ACR20(%)		ACR50(%)		ACR70(%)		DAS28 Remission(%)
	1 mg		24.1		7.4		5.6		5.8
	3 mg		37.3		27.5*		13.7		13.7*
	5 mg		51.0*		34.7*		20.4*		14.6*
	10 mg		65.6***		44.3***		37.7***		21.3**
	15 mg		66.7***		54.4***		33.3**		21.1**
	Placebo		25.4		10.2		6.8		1.8
*p≤0.05 **p≤0.01 *** p≤0.0001

All patients were randomized to either placebo or one of the studied doses of CP-690,550. This study also included adalimumab (40 mg subcutaneously every other week) as an active control in the first 12 weeks of the study.

Efficacy in Combination with Methotrexate at 24 weeks

Data from a second six-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2b study (Study A3921025) evaluating 507 patients whose RA was active despite ongoing treatment with methotrexate demonstrated that patients treated with 3, 10 and 15 mg twice-daily and 20 mg once-daily doses of CP-690,550 in addition to stable background methotrexate experienced statistically significant ACR response rates and DAS28 remission rates at week 24 as compared to placebo. These results were consistent with previously reported primary analysis of ACR response at week 12.

24 week efficacy results are as follows:
	Treatment		ACR20(%)		ACR50(%)		ACR70(%)		DAS28 Remission(%)
	1 mg		41.4		31.4		20.0*		13.2
	3 mg		52.9*		27.9		19.1*		23.9*
	5 mg		47.9		33.8		19.7*		28.6*
	10 mg		55.4*		35.1		17.6		29.6*
	15 mg		58.7*		44.0*		30.7**		29.7*
	20 mg		52.5*		38.8*		23.8*		22.8*
	Placebo		34.8		23.2		7.3		10.5
*p≤0.05 **p≤0.01

This study evaluated CP-690,550 doses of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 mg twice daily and 20 mg once daily. All patients were maintained on their stable background of methotrexate and randomized to either addition of placebo or one of the studied doses of CP-690,550.

In both studies, the most commonly-reported treatment-emergent adverse events were urinary tract infections, headache, and diarrhea. Most adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. Serious adverse events and adverse events leading to discontinuation were infrequent. Dose-dependent decreases in mean neutrophil counts and increases in mean LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol were consistent with what has been observed in previous studies of CP-690,550 in RA. For patients dosed on background methotrexate, transaminase increases were also consistent with what had been reported in interim analyses in previous studies of CP-690,550 in RA.

All studies were sponsored by Pfizer Inc.

ORAL Trials: Advancing Clinical Research for RA

The Phase 3 program, which is known as the ORAL (Oral CP-690,550 Rheumatoid Arthritis Phase 3 TriaLs) Program, consists of six Phase 3 studies at more than 350 locations in 35 countries worldwide (www.ORALtrials.com.)

About CP-690,550

CP-690,550 is an oral, selective, potent inhibitor of the JAK family of enzymes. In cell-based assays, CP-690,550 has been shown to inhibit JAK-3 and JAK-1 with functional selectivity over JAK-2. By inhibiting these enzymes, which affect the signaling of multiple cytokines (proteins released by cells to communicate with other cells) that are involved in a broad spectrum of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, treatment with CP-690,550 may lead to clinically meaningful improvement for patients.

CP-690,550 is also being evaluated as a potential treatment for psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and solid organ transplant.

Vorinostat Reduces Formation of Brain Metastases in Mice

The drug vorinostat is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and reduce the development of large metastatic tumors in mice brains by 62 percent when compared to mice that did not receive the drug, according to a new study. In humans, the drug has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of a cancer called cutaneous T-cell lymphoma but can be used experimentally to study its effectiveness against other cancers. This research, by investigators at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and their collaborators, appears online in Clinical Cancer Research.

For people, while various therapies are improving the survival of breast cancer patients, the incidence of breast cancer spreading to the brain is increasing. Brain metastases of breast cancer have proven to be largely untreatable because the blood-brain barrier, which arises from the specialized structure of blood capillaries in the brain, severely limits drug access and many drugs are actively transported out of brain at this barrier. Consequently, the one-year survival estimate for breast cancer patients after a diagnosis of brain metastasis is only about 20 percent.

Vorinostat has been found to slow the growth of primary tumors of several different types of cancer in mice. Previous studies have suggested that the drug can be taken up by the brain, although little was known about its effects on metastatic tumors. Therefore, to study the effect of vorinostat on the formation of brain metastases, scientists used a mouse model of human breast cancer. Human breast cells were cultured in the laboratory and were injected into mice with compromised immune systems. The breast cancer cells then migrated to the brain, forming metastases. "Drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reduce the size and incidence of metastatic tumors are urgently needed," said Patricia S. Steeg, Ph.D., study author, Center for Cancer Research, NCI. The researchers found that vorinostat was absorbed readily into normal mouse brains, and accumulation of the drug was up to three-fold higher in some metastases treated with this drug when compared to surrounding brain tissue. Vorinostat also reduced the development of tiny tumors (micrometastases) in mice by 28 percent when compared with mice that did not receive this therapy.

www.nci.nih.gov

3.2 Million Europeans Are Diagnosed With Cancer Every Year

Every year 3.2 million Europeans are diagnosed with cancer, mostly breast, colorectal or lung cancers, according to European Commission report. In 2006 in Europe, there were an estimated 3 191 600 cancer cases diagnosed (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and 1 703 000 deaths from cancer. The most common form of cancers was breast cancer (429 900 cases, 13.5% of all cancer cases), followed by colorectal cancers (412 900, 12.9%) and lung cancer (386 300, 12.1%). Lung cancer, with an estimated 334 800 deaths (19.7% of total), was the most common cause of death from cancer, followed by colorectal (207 400 deaths), breast (131 900) and stomach (118 200) cancers, according to European Society for Medical Oncology. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in women in Europe. A fall in breast cancer mortality rates in most European countries in the 1990s was reported by several studies. These declines have been attributed to the combined effect of earlier detection and improving treatment, but it was observed mainly in young women, and because of the ageing of the European population the number of deaths from breast cancer is still rising (130 000 in 2004, 132 000 in 2006).

Excess body weight causes over 124,000 new cancers a year

At least 124,000 new cancers in 2008 in Europe may have been caused by excess body weight, according to estimates from a new modelling study. The proportion of cases of new cancers attributable to a body mass index of 25kg/m² or more were highest among women and in central European countries such as the Czech Republic, Latvia, Slovenia and Bulgaria. “As more people stop smoking and fewer women take hormone replacement therapy, it is possible that obesity may become the biggest attributable cause of cancer in women within the next decade”, Dr Andrew Renehan, the lead author of the study, said.
Dr Renehan, who is a senior lecturer in cancer studies and surgery at the University of Manchester (UK), and his colleagues in the UK, The Netherlands and Switzerland, created a sophisticated model to estimate the proportion of cancers that could be attributed to excess body weight in 30 European countries. Using data from a number of sources including the World Health Organisation and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, they estimated that in 2002 (the most recent year for which there are reliable statistics on cancer incidence in Europe) there had been over 70,000 new cases of cancer attributable to excess BMI out of a total of nearly 2.2 million new diagnoses across the 30 European countries. Then, the researchers projected the figures forward to 2008, taking into account what was known about shifts in the distribution of BMI, the dramatic decline in women’s use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) from 2002 onwards following research that showed it increased the risk of breast cancer, and the wider use of PSA screening for prostate cancer in men.

They found that the number of cancers that could be attributed to excess body weight increased to 124,050 in 2008. In men, 3.2% of new cancers could be attributed to being overweight or obese and in women it was 8.6%. The largest number of obesity-related new cancers was for endometrial cancer (33,421), post-menopausal breast cancer (27,770) and colorectal cancer (23,730). These three accounted for 65% of all cancers attributable to excess BMI.

The number of new cases of obesity-related oesophageal cancer was particularly high in the UK relative to the rest of Europe. “This country accounts for 54% of new cases across all 30 countries,” said Dr Renehan. “This may be due to synergistic interactions between smoking, alcohol, excess body weight and acid reflux – and is currently an area where research is required.”

120 Million People Worldwide Are Depressed

Depression affects around 120 million people worldwide and by the year 2020 will be the 2nd most common health problem in the world, according to World Health Organisation (WHO). Around 20% of the world's children and adolescents are estimated to have mental disorders or problems. About 10-15% of older people are thought to suffer from depression, and the incidence in nursing homes is much higher. In 2002, depression accounted for 4.5% of the worldwide total burden of disease. The UK has one of the highest rates of self harm in Europe, at 400 per 100,000 population. 1 in 4 British adults experience at least one diagnosable mental health problem in any one year, and one in six experiences this at any given time, according to The Office for National Statistics Psychiatric Morbidity report. Depressive disorders affect approximately 18.8 million American adults or about 9.5% of the U.S. population age 18 and older in a given year. 54% of people believe depression is a personal weakness. 15% of depressed people will commit suicide. 80% of people who see physicians are depressed.

Depression often co-occurs with other illnesses and medical conditions: 25% of cancer patients experience depression; 10-27% of post-stroke patients experience depression; 1 in 3 heart attack survivors experience depression; 1 in 3 HIV patients may experience depression; 50% of Parkinson's disease patients may experience depression; 50-75% of eating disorder patients (anorexia and bulimia) experience depression; 27% of individuals with substance abuse disorders (both alcohol and other substances) experience depression; 8.5-27% of persons with diabetes experience depression.

Women are almost twice as likely to become depressed as men. The higher risk may be due partly to hormonal changes brought on by puberty, menstruation, menopause and pregnancy. About 10 to 15 percent of women experience postpartum depression after giving birth.

Major depressive disorder, also called major depression, is characterized by a combination of symptoms that interfere with a person's ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once–pleasurable activities. Major depression is disabling and prevents a person from functioning normally. An episode of major depression may occur only once in a person's lifetime, but more often, it recurs throughout a person's life.

Mild to moderate depression can often be successfully treated with psychotherapy, sometimes known as "talk therapy". Exercise can help reduce feelings of depression by increasing the body's supply of endorphins, chemicals in the body that increase the feeling of well being.

For some cases, especially in more severe depression, psychotherapy combined with medication may be needed. After a complete evaluation, your health care professional will decide if medication is appropriate in your case and what medication or combination of medications will work best for you. Medications affect individuals differently and it may be necessary to adjust dosages or even change medications, depending on your response and reaction. Commonly prescribed types of antidepressants include SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), and tricyclics. Side effects can vary among these medications, but may include nausea, headache, insomnia, nervousness, sexual problems, drowsiness during the day, bladder problems, blurred vision, and dry mouth.

In some situations in which medications and psychotherapy have not been effective, depression may be treated by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Also known as "shock therapy", ECT has come a long way from its early days.

Antidepressants: selective serotinin reuptake inhibitors: Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Fluovoxamine, Paroxetine, Citalopram, Venlafaxine.

Tricyclic antidepressants (tricyclics): Clomipramine, Imipramine.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): Tranylcypromine, Isoprocarboxazid.

Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam, Alprazolam, Lorazepam.

Azipirones: Buspirone.

Beta blockers: Propanolol

WHO data suggests that depression causes 6% of the burden of all diseases in Europe in terms of disability adjusted life years. The cost of depression corresponds to 1% of the total economy of Europe.

One in 10 Men in The World Have Erectile Dysfunction

One in 10 men in the world have erectile dysfunction and about 70% of men suffer episodes of erectile dysfunction at some time during their lives. Smokers have a higher risk of erectile dysfunction. Men who smoke more than 1 pack per day have a 50% higher risk of impotency than nonsmokers the same age. The likelihood of erectile dysfunction increases with age: 39% at age 40, 65% over the age of 65. There are many underlying physical and psychological causes of erectile dysfunction. Reduced blood flow to the penis and nerve damage are the most common physical causes.